Latin study reference
Latin Alphabet & Pronunciation: grammar reference
Study Latin alphabet & pronunciation: Alphabet, Consonants, Vowels & diphthongs, Word stress. Reference tables, labeled forms, and interactive practice.
Alphabet
| Capital | Lowercase |
|---|---|
| A B C D E F | a b c d e f |
| G H I K L M | g h i k l m |
| N O P Q R S | n o p q r s |
| T V X Y Z | t u/v x y z |
Classical alphabet: 23 letters. I also represents j; V represents u and v.
Consonants
| Letter | Classical sound | Example |
|---|---|---|
| c | k | canis |
| g | g in go | ager |
| v | w | vīnum |
| i + vowel | y in yes | iam |
| qu | kw | quis |
| x | ks | rēx |
| nn, ll, tt… | Hold both | annus |
Reconstructed Classical pronunciation; Ecclesiastical sounds differ.
Vowels & diphthongs
| Short | Long | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a | ā | malum / mālum |
| e | ē | legō / lēgī |
| i | ī | liber / līber |
| o | ō | populus / pōpulus |
| u | ū | fugit / fūgit |
| ae, au, oe | One syllable | caelum, aurum, poena |
Macron = vowel length, not stress. Ei, eu, ui also occur in a few words.
Word stress
| Word | Stress | Example |
|---|---|---|
| 2 syllables | First | PU-er |
| 3+; heavy penult | Next-to-last | a-MĪ-cus |
| 3+; light penult | Third-to-last | DO-mi-nus |
Heavy = long vowel, diphthong, or closed syllable. Stop + l/r may vary.
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- Noun System
Latin grammar reference
- Articles & Word Order
Latin grammar reference
- Adjectives & Adverbs
Latin grammar reference
- Pronouns
Latin grammar reference
- Verb Master Chart
Latin grammar reference
- Prepositions
Latin grammar reference
- Voice Endings
Latin grammar reference
- Mood Forms
Latin grammar reference
- Participles
Latin grammar reference
- Principal Parts
Latin grammar reference
- Perfect Stems & Reduplication
Latin grammar reference
- Sum (To Be)
Latin grammar reference
- Irregular Verbs
Latin grammar reference
- Deponent Verbs
Latin grammar reference
- Infinitives & Indirect Speech
Latin grammar reference
- Gerund, Gerundive & Supine
Latin grammar reference
- Clauses & Sequence of Tenses
Latin grammar reference
- Abbreviations
Latin grammar reference
Sources and scope
Selected reference content from the Word Radicals curriculum, shared with the iOS app. Model forms illustrate patterns; they do not give every form of every word.
Allen & Greenough: Latin Grammar · Bennett: New Latin Grammar